Trade formed the backbone of Ancient Kedah’s economy. Commodities like rattan, resin, sandalwood, and elephant ivory were highly sought after, facilitating lucrative exchanges with distant civilizations. Evidence suggests that Kedah’s trade network extended to China, India, Srivijaya, and the Middle East. These connections not only enriched the kingdom but also introduced diverse cultural and religious influences.
Religion played a transformative role in shaping Ancient Kedah. Initially dominated by Buddhist practices, the region later experienced a significant Hindu influence, evident in the architectural and artistic remnants discovered at Lembah Bujang. This 144-square-mile valley, bounded by Bukit Choras in the north, Sungai Muda in the south, the Strait of Malacca to the east, and the modern North-South Expressway to the west, became a prominent hub of Hindu-Buddhist culture. Archaeological findings, including temple ruins, statues, and inscriptions, provide compelling evidence of this rich religious heritage.
Lembah Bujang, often referred to as Sungai Batu in historical contexts, holds the distinction of being one of the earliest Hindu civilization sites in the Malay Peninsula. Excavations have uncovered remnants of jetties, iron-smelting facilities, and brick structures dating as far back as 110 AD. These findings highlight the valley’s significance as both a religious and industrial center. The discovery of advanced iron-smelting techniques suggests that Lembah Bujang played a critical role in supplying tools and weapons, further boosting its economic relevance.
The kingdom’s strategic location along major maritime trade routes amplified its importance. Traders navigating between the East and West recognized Lembah Bujang as a vital stopover, contributing to the region’s prosperity. Historical accounts and archaeological evidence reveal strong ties with major civilizations of the time, including the Tang dynasty in China and the Gupta Empire in India. These interactions facilitated a vibrant exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies.
The enduring legacy of Ancient Kedah is evident in the temples and artifacts that continue to captivate researchers and historians. The region’s role in early maritime trade, coupled with its cultural and religious significance, cements its status as a cornerstone of Southeast Asian history.
Ancient Kedah: A Hub of Trade, Culture, and Religious Heritage
