Patani reached its height of influence under the rule of four queens, known collectively as the “Rainbow Kings.” These rulers—Raja Hijau (1584–1616), Raja Biru (1616–1624), Raja Ungu (1624–1635), and Raja Kuning (1635–1649)—oversaw a period of political stability, military strength, and cultural brilliance. Their leadership not only broke gender norms of the era but also showcased Patani’s ability to defend itself. The kingdom famously resisted four major Siamese invasions, proving its resilience against regional powers.
At the same time, Patani thrived as an international trading hub. Its strategic location on the Malay Peninsula attracted merchants from across Asia and Europe. The Portuguese first visited in 1516, and by 1538, a community of around 300 Portuguese settlers was established. Trade links extended to China, Siam, and the Netherlands, while Japanese merchants began arriving by 1592. In response, Patani sent diplomatic missions to Japan in 1597 and 1606, strengthening bilateral ties. Under Raja Hijau’s reign, the port city grew into a vibrant entrepôt, drawing in diverse communities and developing into one of the most significant centers of Islam in Southeast Asia.
However, Patani’s golden age gradually waned after the death of Raja Kuning in 1649. A series of succession disputes and political instability weakened the sultanate. By the late 17th century, Patani was in decline, losing its grip on regional trade to rising powers such as Johor and Aceh. Siam eventually took control in 1786, and by 1902, the once-flourishing sultanate was fully absorbed into Siamese administration.
Today, the legacy of the Patani Sultanate endures as a symbol of Malay cultural heritage, remembered for its powerful queens, thriving trade, and contributions to the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia.
The Rise and Decline of the Patani Sultanate
