tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-68780877796146260352024-03-26T23:37:41.226-07:00THE MALAY HISTORY AND CULTURE Explore Malay history and culture here. Get a comprehensive overview of developments in the Malay Peninsula and insular Southeast Asia, from ancient times to the 16th century. 'Melayu' denoted an ancient kingdom (7th-11th centuries), based in Srivijaya, Indonesia, and Malacca. In the 17th century, 'Malay' emerged in British and Dutch writings, referring to groups with shared physical appearances and language.Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comBlogger180125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-44683169095390544952024-03-24T01:10:00.000-07:002024-03-24T01:10:24.265-07:00Uncaria Gambir: A Traditional Wonder from Sarawak<i>Uncaria Gambir,</i> commonly known as Gambir Sarawak, belongs to the Rubiaceae family and is indigenous to the Long Panai area in Marudi, Sarawak. Traditionally, Gambir Sarawak has been prized by the natives for its versatile medicinal properties.<br /><br />Primarily renowned for its efficacy in prolonging and enhancing penis erections, Gambir Sarawak has been a staple in traditional practices for generations. However, its uses extend far beyond this singular application. The plant's extract has been employed to alleviate gum and toothache, soothe insect bites, prepare the skin before piercing, and aid in the healing of minor cuts.<br /><br />Furthermore, Gambir Sarawak exhibits astringent properties and has been utilized in the treatment of dysentery and diarrhea. Its masticatory qualities make it beneficial for oral health as well. Additionally, it is employed to treat abrasions and burns effectively.<br /><br />Remarkably, some women have reported experiencing heightened sensations and multiple orgasms when Gambir Sarawak is applied to the clitoris/labia region, attributing it to the tingling sensation and enhanced performance of their partners. Notably, individual reactions may vary, and caution is advised. Nonetheless, there have been no reported side effects or allergies associated with Gambir Sarawak, owing to its natural and organic composition. Preliminary skin testing is recommended for those uncertain of its effects.<br /><br />In essence, Uncaria Gambir stands as a testament to the rich botanical heritage of Sarawak, offering a spectrum of benefits with its multifaceted applications in traditional medicine.<br /><i>Uncaria Gambir: A Traditional Wonder from Sarawak<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPbb_MM9pXbAen2pUH0WSOBalc3o1ujbAwbYfr2mUPx3CD7w9FGXBu7V0KbN-N_kS6HlphKlXYWFSFtz2Z77cazH5Qj0vg2ZxCTWbByyt0DAO2WZPZL9CWgDbOQsA4Zb7Xcpxx5lj-i4vr9P5DY-9ciGtL8HmQ66CT-olpiBJhyRtbSyYVUTX9JL7R1Vk/s408/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="371" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPbb_MM9pXbAen2pUH0WSOBalc3o1ujbAwbYfr2mUPx3CD7w9FGXBu7V0KbN-N_kS6HlphKlXYWFSFtz2Z77cazH5Qj0vg2ZxCTWbByyt0DAO2WZPZL9CWgDbOQsA4Zb7Xcpxx5lj-i4vr9P5DY-9ciGtL8HmQ66CT-olpiBJhyRtbSyYVUTX9JL7R1Vk/s320/3.jpg" width="291" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-84139016524532597702024-03-10T07:05:00.000-07:002024-03-10T07:05:28.955-07:00Silat: Martial Arts HeritageSilat, deeply entrenched in Malaysian culture, is more than just a martial art; it embodies a rich tradition of self-defense and performance art, enhancing the vibrancy of Malaysian weddings and festive occasions.<br /><br />The term "silat" translates to "self-defense," underscoring its practical origins rooted in safeguarding individuals and communities. It's a multifaceted discipline, manifesting in two distinct forms: Silat Pulut and Silat Buah. Silat Pulut captivates audiences with its captivating exhibitions, often featuring choreographed sequences that showcase the art's elegance and precision. These displays, integral to Malaysian celebrations, serve as both entertainment and cultural expression, heightening the festive atmosphere.<br /><br />Accompanying these exhibitions is the rhythmic cadence of music, enhancing the visual spectacle of Silat. The fusion of movement and melody creates a mesmerizing experience, captivating onlookers and participants alike. This harmonious synergy underscores the artistry embedded within Silat's performance aspect.<br /><br />However, Silat's allure extends beyond mere spectacle; its other form, Silat Buah, delves into the realm of practical combat. Unlike its exhibition counterpart, Silat Buah is shrouded in secrecy, practiced in semi-seclusion to preserve its lethal techniques. Passed down through generations, these clandestine maneuvers are entrusted from master to disciple under vows of confidentiality, ensuring their preservation and potency.<br /><br />Silat Buah encompasses a diverse array of techniques, ranging from fist and finger strikes to grappling, locks, throws, and gripping maneuvers. Its practitioners master an arsenal of skills designed for practical application, emphasizing both offensive and defensive capabilities. Moreover, Silat Buah's repertoire includes spectacular techniques, featuring high leaps and flying kicks that exemplify its dynamic and acrobatic nature.<br /><br />Throughout the Malaysian peninsula, various regional variations of Silat Buah thrive, each reflecting distinct cultural influences and martial philosophies. Despite these divergences, the essence of Silat remains constant: a synthesis of tradition, skill, and heritage.<br /><br />In conclusion, Silat stands as a testament to Malaysia's rich cultural heritage, blending martial prowess with artistic expression. Whether showcased in vibrant exhibitions or concealed within the depths of secretive training, Silat embodies the resilience and vitality of Malaysian identity, ensuring its enduring legacy for generations to come.<br /><i>Silat: Martial Arts Heritage<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp1CRu9t1lYP9NCO7rju25w2HTmygqDv0V0V0ytfALGh07cPw1r3H_wUz_pVpffynQIwnODVbuvNycRCNluZXgwLGJXiFoj8XDcLbvBoLxhdVcaHuQOJx22acGGVtNwZTCFVtOZm1MyvbGe6SobLMjUcywe_5362aLn1sbK9HYub_87itAKq3duUpn1ZE/s400/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="398" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp1CRu9t1lYP9NCO7rju25w2HTmygqDv0V0V0ytfALGh07cPw1r3H_wUz_pVpffynQIwnODVbuvNycRCNluZXgwLGJXiFoj8XDcLbvBoLxhdVcaHuQOJx22acGGVtNwZTCFVtOZm1MyvbGe6SobLMjUcywe_5362aLn1sbK9HYub_87itAKq3duUpn1ZE/s320/1.jpg" width="318" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-3506488379984796712024-02-25T17:19:00.000-08:002024-02-25T17:19:25.998-08:00Kris Tajong: A Symbol of Cultural Evolution in the Malay WorldThe Kris Tajong stands as a testament to the rich cultural tapestry woven in the Kelantan-Terengganu-Pattani region, embodying a blend of historical influences and artistic craftsmanship. This iconic weapon, revered across the Malay world, holds profound significance both in its symbolism and intricate design.<br /><br />Originating from the heart of the Malay Peninsula, the Tajong has become synonymous with its region of origin. While variations of similar hilts are sporadically found elsewhere, none rival the Tajong's prominence and cultural significance.<br /><br />At the heart of the Tajong lies its distinctive 'hulu' or hilt, initially crafted as a homage to the Hindu deity Shiva. The earliest known form, the hulu kris coteng, dates back possibly to the seventeenth century. Characterized by a simple yet elegant design, it features a flat head with an elongated nose and clearly defined limbs, often resembling the iconic imagery of Shiva as portrayed in the wayang kulit shadow puppet theater.<br /><br />As the centuries unfolded, societal shifts and religious conversions, notably to Islam, brought about transformations in the Tajong's aesthetic. The hilt gradually transitioned from its Hindu roots to adopt floral and vegetative motifs, reflecting evolving worldviews and cultural adaptations. The elongated nose, reminiscent of Shiva's attributes, evolved to echo the lines of the sampir, or scabbard crosspiece, while retaining its distinctive tilt at the tip.<br /><br />Moreover, the Tajong owes its name to its unique sampir, reminiscent of the uplifted, winged shape of the Pattani fishing vessel of the same name. This association with maritime heritage further enriches its cultural significance, symbolizing the region's deep-rooted ties to trade and seafaring.<br /><br />Despite its distinct characteristics, the Tajong has often been erroneously conflated with the 'pekaka'. While sharing similarities, the true pekaka, derived from the 'jawa demam', boasts a larger and straighter beak, typically carved from prestigious materials such as clamshell whale tooth or walrus ivory.<br /><br />In essence, the Kris Tajong serves as a beacon of cultural evolution, blending influences from Hindu mythology, Islamic artistry, and maritime heritage. Its intricate craftsmanship and symbolic significance not only adorn the physical weapon but also narrate a compelling story of the region's diverse cultural heritage, making it an enduring emblem of Malay identity and craftsmanship.<br /><i>Kris Tajong: A Symbol of Cultural Evolution in the Malay World<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRekIYrS3y-iA5-tF-u6fYDhO1zEvAsOXVDhKl9gJ0aIWzKvu5FtmZwwdM8qXvMDAL97V-GhPR6vy-XohqcQvC_yhPP6kYSW2Ss5iB8Eu1EB6Za1aInQv8sNsqgBvpo6JDU_FCBJxM6wa1QcZhLNP31lCLwiNgfX5t90F2ODohUe5Z_62NXyyw6uc5mV0/s320/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="320" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRekIYrS3y-iA5-tF-u6fYDhO1zEvAsOXVDhKl9gJ0aIWzKvu5FtmZwwdM8qXvMDAL97V-GhPR6vy-XohqcQvC_yhPP6kYSW2Ss5iB8Eu1EB6Za1aInQv8sNsqgBvpo6JDU_FCBJxM6wa1QcZhLNP31lCLwiNgfX5t90F2ODohUe5Z_62NXyyw6uc5mV0/s1600/1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-71443106242545295492024-02-11T07:06:00.000-08:002024-02-11T07:06:19.511-08:00The Cosmic Harmony: Malay Belief in Father Sky and Mother EarthAcross the diverse Malay archipelago, the profound respect for the cosmic entities of Father Sky and Mother Earth permeates the spiritual essence of various tribes and societies.<br /><br />The Mantra clan traces its ancestry to Mertang, the original magician, whose lineage stems from the union of Drop of Water and Clod of Earth. This ancestral myth highlights their conviction in the intrinsic connection between humanity and the natural elements.<br /><br />In the Mollucas region, Earth is worshipped as a divine feminine being. During the west monsoon, she symbolically conceives through the celestial Lord Sun, embodying the cyclical rhythm of creation and fertility.<br /><br />Among the Trojas community in Celebes, a dualistic perception of supreme powers emerges—the Man and the Maiden, symbolizing the Sun and the Earth respectively. This dualistic perspective encapsulates the equilibrium and order perceived in the natural realm.<br /><br />The Dayaks of Borneo present an alternative viewpoint, attributing the genesis of the world to the cosmic union of Father Sky and Mother Earth. This belief resonates throughout the Malay world, reflecting the fusion of Sanskrit influences with indigenous Balinese traditions.<br /><br />In Malay society, these cosmic beings transcend mere abstraction; they are revered entities invoked by both shamans and masters of shadow play. Before the enactment of epics like the saga of Rama and Sita, homage is paid to Father Sky and Mother Earth. Notably, within the shadow play, the performer embodies Vishnu, highlighting the interconnection between Hindu mythology and Malay cosmology.<br /><br />In summary, the belief in Father Sky and Mother Earth serves as a fundamental principle uniting the spiritual heritage of the Malay people, fostering profound reverence for the cosmic energies shaping their existence.<br /><i>The Cosmic Harmony: Malay Belief in Father Sky and Mother Earth<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg40FyP7SFKcUYYu2CgXrAU3F2hTqKj2GLbYah7y44N_q7HGZ4GuS_lrxvfH_xZE30hmgLGr5V8pHzrGS_jmexhKKfmbu49J9a8aaPWav7GtTv9b2_fDgmrZoLAZh6FvkV7mFKXAjit09PH-oAqBYawsQVphj2OKzhddX5FEm4XDRMY73GV1U1qRH6Tfss/s780/Screenshot%202024-02-11%20230317.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="780" data-original-width="587" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg40FyP7SFKcUYYu2CgXrAU3F2hTqKj2GLbYah7y44N_q7HGZ4GuS_lrxvfH_xZE30hmgLGr5V8pHzrGS_jmexhKKfmbu49J9a8aaPWav7GtTv9b2_fDgmrZoLAZh6FvkV7mFKXAjit09PH-oAqBYawsQVphj2OKzhddX5FEm4XDRMY73GV1U1qRH6Tfss/s320/Screenshot%202024-02-11%20230317.png" width="241" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-60681882093335995022024-01-27T21:20:00.000-08:002024-01-27T21:20:36.651-08:00Minangkabau Dance: Rich HeritageDance holds a profound significance in the cultural tapestry of Minangkabau, showcasing the immense richness of this heritage. One exemplary dance form is the vivacious umbrella dance, a welcoming performance that vividly depicts a young man expressing his affection for his beloved. The dynamic 'tari piring' takes the artistry to another level, featuring dancers skillfully leaping barefoot on fragments of broken china. Meanwhile, the captivating 'tari lilin' demands female dancers to adeptly juggle and balance china saucers adorned with burning candles, all accompanied by the rhythmic clicking of castanets.<br /><br />In the diverse array of Minangkabau dances, randai emerges as the most popular. This dance drama, a common feature at weddings, harvest festivals, and various celebrations, incorporates movements from pencak silat, a traditional self-defense routine. The choreography seamlessly weaves together elements from literature and gamelan music, creating a mesmerizing spectacle. In West Sumatra, every village typically boasts at least one all-male randai group, composed of approximately 20 performers. The traditional randai storyline unfolds the narrative of a rebellious and malevolent woman expelled from her village to avert an impending disaster.<br /><br />Youth in Minangkabau adhere to the tradition of spending time in a surau (prayer house), where they receive instruction in diverse skills, including self-care and the practice of pencak silat. The Mudo style of pencak silat, frequently showcased, simulates a battle that escalates to the brink of violence before finding resolution. This dramatic dance involves intricate techniques, graceful footwork, and deliberate pauses, intensifying the overall suspense and artistry.<br /><br />Complementing these dances are percussion instruments reminiscent of Javanese gamelan, collectively known as telempong in West Sumatra. Moreover, the puput and salung, flute-like instruments crafted from bamboo, reed, or rice stalks, contribute to the melodious backdrop of Minangkabau's cultural expressions. The intricate synergy of these elements paints a vibrant picture of a cultural heritage that is not only visually stunning but also deeply rooted in tradition and storytelling. As these dances continue to evolve, they serve as a living testament to the enduring legacy of Minangkabau's rich cultural heritage.<br /><i>Minangkabau Dance: Rich Heritage<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOAMqD27s7UYUfjss0kAF-scdpa6RP3p586EIzeMdjzbUtIW7-3bUo3YLlYq71SDmRdkm4gstmz1atSEJRuv_oHSCV1go8GOMqv6PWbQEw_T33c06rQKU_2ev9ODRfjEvf9-7elxQR2DbjMpAeWlZc0O_8h3iLRjdd9HKpGlSotW44iNVDyxqSF6m3ePs/s755/Screenshot%202024-01-28%20131223.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="755" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOAMqD27s7UYUfjss0kAF-scdpa6RP3p586EIzeMdjzbUtIW7-3bUo3YLlYq71SDmRdkm4gstmz1atSEJRuv_oHSCV1go8GOMqv6PWbQEw_T33c06rQKU_2ev9ODRfjEvf9-7elxQR2DbjMpAeWlZc0O_8h3iLRjdd9HKpGlSotW44iNVDyxqSF6m3ePs/s320/Screenshot%202024-01-28%20131223.png" width="320" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-1878989920956242332024-01-14T08:27:00.000-08:002024-01-14T08:27:36.892-08:00Kris Art AccessoriesThe artistry associated with the kris encompasses a variety of meticulously crafted accessories designed for its proper maintenance. In Sumatra and Malaysia, the presence of a 'keris pusaka' or ancestral kris justified the utilization of a dedicated cushion, thereby amplifying its significance.<br /><br />In Java, krises of notable value were often displayed on a wooden wall plaque intricately adorned with floral or vinyl designs, or enriched with a 'wayang' theme achieved through the art of carving and painting. Krises associated with esteemed families were at times stored in a finely crafted cabinet tailored for this specific purpose. Bali is often credited for producing the most exceptional examples of this craftsmanship.<br /><br />In Bali, skilled woodcarvers crafted distinctive sculpted figures intended for holding one or two krises. These figures took on the forms of either human or deity-like entities, typically emanating a benevolent aura, although occasionally featuring a menacing or ogre-like appearance.<br /><br />Certain carvings exhibited remarkable creativity, depicting unlikely creatures either holding or engaging with a kris. These vibrant additions significantly contribute to the comprehension of kris art and emphasize the special reverence it commands from Malays across various regions.<br /><i>Kris Art Accessories<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil92mfjPDvoxc3bz9SvYjXrNGIeGi-go0Gs1RpnL-uDzLat9asCQrDb-MCR2VpMG4QXygGLSbxqhf90DupjUTlaI0iJi8ouEFhHKyulq2tCLj6OVKUj_ekkgkdXl5yB6fOkHZmQO6IAUkYiDlHz-vjrIfT-hdns1O29Avu0BBZpJmc1JKRtHazLX9WLms/s336/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="336" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil92mfjPDvoxc3bz9SvYjXrNGIeGi-go0Gs1RpnL-uDzLat9asCQrDb-MCR2VpMG4QXygGLSbxqhf90DupjUTlaI0iJi8ouEFhHKyulq2tCLj6OVKUj_ekkgkdXl5yB6fOkHZmQO6IAUkYiDlHz-vjrIfT-hdns1O29Avu0BBZpJmc1JKRtHazLX9WLms/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-12586126528286223012023-12-31T06:34:00.000-08:002024-01-03T19:02:11.052-08:00Nine Health Benefits of Kacip Fatimah<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Boosts sexual desire and addresses women's health concerns related to the reproductive system and overall well-being.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Serves as an anti-dysmenorrhea agent, aiding in the cleansing process and preventing difficult and painful menstrual episodes.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Effectively employed in treating reproductive system disorders such as dysentery and gonorrhea.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Supports hormonal balance, counteracting postnatal depression symptoms such as a diminished interest in intimacy, while also fostering strength and vitality for enhanced closeness.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Plays a role in firming and toning abdominal muscles, resulting in a visually slimmer appearance.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Acts as a remedy for flatulence, eliminating excess gas in the body.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Boosts body resistance, thereby aiding in relieving cold symptoms.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Improves blood circulation, offering relief from rheumatic pains in joints and muscles.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Acknowledged for its capacity to alleviate constipation and restore damaged hair, among numerous other benefits.</li></ul><i>Nine Health Benefits of Kacip Fatimah<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHDEE9AuA4XWrwfaXnHXZu3sNae3IEJ_rXIysdh-d59T9dRX9e9qcSpnCKx8QQW3H0KnLALDz7ZjifBaF4m0IPPhXDDG1Ygy-SEX8bGAnFch1R28cy0zdJU-OR-gVZO5Kl9FfdRV7XXYP62Vv3661G7waHuV9NqS6j_6pduY9_gEtjjeulPclM681RI30/s320/1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="320" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHDEE9AuA4XWrwfaXnHXZu3sNae3IEJ_rXIysdh-d59T9dRX9e9qcSpnCKx8QQW3H0KnLALDz7ZjifBaF4m0IPPhXDDG1Ygy-SEX8bGAnFch1R28cy0zdJU-OR-gVZO5Kl9FfdRV7XXYP62Vv3661G7waHuV9NqS6j_6pduY9_gEtjjeulPclM681RI30/s1600/1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-87989747486168171672023-12-17T08:11:00.000-08:002023-12-17T08:11:33.592-08:00Silat: Styles, Competitions, PerformancesSilat has gained popularity throughout the archipelago, with each region developing its distinctive styles. Competitions now extend beyond the borders of Indonesia and Malaysia, reaching an international level. Despite variations, standardized rules and techniques facilitate the organization of these competitions.<br /><br />The study of silat can be divided into three primary areas: sport, art, and inner power. The inner power component emphasizes the control of both the mind and physical strength. Silat has integrated itself into the national school co-curriculum and is also available at the university level.<br /><br />Silat presentations can be accompanied by music, featuring choreographed routines with essential steps and transitions. These performances may incorporate the use of weaponry or decorative fans. In specific regions, silat competitions and demonstrations are showcased at various events such as weddings, harvest festivals, and circumcision ceremonies.<br /><i>Silat: Styles, Competitions, Performances<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO3W5_cgK88_p1Yau73hY9o2rjBMWsF2CDIcxp2L6ax0BC2ZwosEAvB23U8Aqh97JaSVJXt4Jxy-KvdVOJkbOykk-nBDdqgbbDWpJX94QLmzW9fM0bk-idb2_r8LNwjJxUETI7rDe0ke649Gv34xnhKdmre9MuYrtbAyZJ0OjylqYz5R2BfhkeCYOdG5I/s400/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="359" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO3W5_cgK88_p1Yau73hY9o2rjBMWsF2CDIcxp2L6ax0BC2ZwosEAvB23U8Aqh97JaSVJXt4Jxy-KvdVOJkbOykk-nBDdqgbbDWpJX94QLmzW9fM0bk-idb2_r8LNwjJxUETI7rDe0ke649Gv34xnhKdmre9MuYrtbAyZJ0OjylqYz5R2BfhkeCYOdG5I/w411-h458/1.jpg" width="411" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-15816214676836568882023-09-27T22:23:00.001-07:002023-09-27T22:23:00.152-07:00Preferred Types of KrisThe krises most preferred are the ones called Simpana, cherita, and Sepukal. The 'kris panjang' (long kris) is typically worn by the nobility and grooms in Malaya. These long kris blades resemble sharp poniards made from Damascus steel. The handles are carved from ebony, adorned with intricate gold designs, and the sheaths are similarly richly embellished with the same metal. In the Malay Peninsula, these krises were even utilized to carry out executions.<br /><br />In earlier days, Malays didn't place value solely on the amount of gold inlay in their krises; instead, they valued them for their precise proportions as stipulated in their guides. They assessed factors such as the quality of the damask on the blade, its age, and any auspicious attributes it might possess, such as having drawn human blood or possessing supernatural qualities similar to the famed sword "Excalibur." This distinctive attribute was termed 'bertuah,' signifying immunity to accidents and invulnerability. Conversely, the opposite of this was known as 'celaka,' indicating misfortune or bad luck.<br /><i>Preferred Types of Kris<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf3NM9JlNy3VOZy5d-v3j4bPsapaXVVB4rS8_E09tPRtq0SMhSzu-FyVypliqms5f0nuoxLiSD2jPPBg3HNe2UA8h-XTpCvoKkZGzJ6DKSR19_PXn5iDD92PiOV3yFzZ8y6B_jZkK2wwuSwWw5g56v64XE_w3sWCCltmMdgPVdVoVpgMLoT1_LUZ2Ptco/s336/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="336" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf3NM9JlNy3VOZy5d-v3j4bPsapaXVVB4rS8_E09tPRtq0SMhSzu-FyVypliqms5f0nuoxLiSD2jPPBg3HNe2UA8h-XTpCvoKkZGzJ6DKSR19_PXn5iDD92PiOV3yFzZ8y6B_jZkK2wwuSwWw5g56v64XE_w3sWCCltmMdgPVdVoVpgMLoT1_LUZ2Ptco/w398-h332/1.jpg" width="398" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-18732051806073370102023-09-17T21:40:00.001-07:002023-09-17T21:40:00.133-07:00Aloe Vera Aloe Vera is a member of the Aloeaceae family and is referred to as "pokok daun lidah buaya" within the Malay community. Throughout history, it has been employed for cleansing hair, cosmetic applications, and its purgative characteristics. Additionally, it has been employed to treat burns and insect bites. Nevertheless, it is not advisable for pregnant women or individuals dealing with digestive problems.<br /><br />Aloe, a well-liked plant found in many households, boasts a diverse past as a multipurpose traditional remedy. It yields two primary substances: gel and latex. Aloe vera gel, derived from the inner leaf pulp, is a translucent, gelatinous material containing carbohydrate polymers like glucomannans or pectic acid, coupled with a variety of organic and inorganic compounds.<br /><br />Aloe latex, recognized as "aloe juice," is a bitter yellow fluid extracted from the pericyclic tubules located beneath the external leaf skin.<br /><i>Aloe Vera<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTsMaM5hFVs5UDvvDMdTQ1pWO1Fgc4hODrRFi5RSet2jdVwNqFO88-DUJu8w4lAJPG4hXUaTIdm_sIQXKEc3v-dsiqHibFUuAX-Fh2NyLouaCXOAWHO2TvJ8THKDzjTUJfwxPiTU12oActt1ywh20dn27u4KhzBSb67rjXkrg-gdbz2bGyGWL_EeHD_9A/s320/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="305" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTsMaM5hFVs5UDvvDMdTQ1pWO1Fgc4hODrRFi5RSet2jdVwNqFO88-DUJu8w4lAJPG4hXUaTIdm_sIQXKEc3v-dsiqHibFUuAX-Fh2NyLouaCXOAWHO2TvJ8THKDzjTUJfwxPiTU12oActt1ywh20dn27u4KhzBSb67rjXkrg-gdbz2bGyGWL_EeHD_9A/s1600/1.jpg" width="305" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-76269325022167226572023-08-23T21:28:00.003-07:002023-08-23T21:28:19.118-07:00Dato' Bahaman's ResistanceBorn in 1838, Dato' Bahaman's full name was Abdul Rahman Bin Tuanku Imam Nuh, originating from Bangkinang, Kampar, Sumatra. His mother, Rokiah Abdul Rahman, was the daughter of Tok Setia Perkasa Semantan.<br /><br />He showcased exceptional skills in self-defense, earning him the moniker "Seman Tahan" due to his adeptness in resolving challenges both physically and intellectually.<br /><br />Historical accounts suggest that Tun Ali, who later became the Bendahara of Pahang, adopted Dato' Bahaman at one point. During their childhood, he also enjoyed a companionship with Tun Ahmad, who would later ascend to the throne as Sultan.<br /><br />Dato' Bahaman was distinguished as one of the esteemed "Orang Besar Berlapan" and was honored with the title "Dato' Setia Perkasa Pahlawan Semantan" for his leadership during the civil strife involving Sultan Ahmad and his cousin Wan Mutahir. He also led Pahang's forces in aiding Tengku Kudin during the civil conflict in Klang, Selangor.<br /><br />Following Orang Kaya Indera Segara's demise, Sultan Ahmad appointed Dato' Bahaman as the Orang Kaya Temerloh.<br /><br />The discourteous demeanor of the British colonizers towards Sultan Ahmad and the Malay nobility in governance, particularly concerning taxes and Malay customs, fueled resentment that ultimately led to opposition.<br /><br />Tensions escalated with JP Rodger's introduction of new regulations, which included the assignment of British officials referred to as "Pemungut" and "Majistret" to oversee certain territories. The roots of Dato' Bahaman's resistance can be traced back to the provocative actions of C.E.B Desborough, who, as acting Pemangku Pemungut Hasil Semantan, arrested Dato' Bahaman's associates on charges of unauthorized timber harvesting and tax evasion.<br /><br />The tension ignited in December 1890 when E.A Wise attempted to erect a police station in Lubuk Terua within Dato' Bahaman's domain without consulting him.<br /><br />This construction was perceived as an infringement on Malay land and disrupted their way of life, prompting Dato' Bahaman to defy the regulations causing hardships for the local populace.<br /><br />Consequently, he and his followers launched an assault on C.E.M Desborough at Sungai Semantan on December 15, 1891, assuming that Desborough aimed to apprehend him. In this abrupt strike, Desborough's group suffered defeat, leading to the death of three fully armed policemen and injuries to several others.<br /><br />As a consequence, the British officials fled to Temerloh. Upon learning of the Semantan incident, British authorities in Pahang mustered a military force to counter the Malay opposition.<br /><br />In a significant retaliatory strike against Dato' Bahaman at Jeram Ampai in 1894, Pahang's fighters, including Dato' Bahaman, were compelled to disperse and retreat into the jungle. This prominent figure from Pahang disappeared, reportedly retreating first to Terengganu and subsequently to Kelantan. By the close of 1895, he and his followers opted to settle in Siam.<br /><br />Dato' Bahaman's prowess earned praise from Hugh Clifford, who regarded him as "The most expert woodsman in The Peninsular with a unique knowledge of jungle craft."<br /><i>Dato' Bahaman's Resistance<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5zyvdO8-gzLwR1rBCwIQpDUy3AUfb9N6WRBQxTV7kfdTlWmPs7oAWaWzwMdclOYX3Of8nfzF48Hp4Zq5mQ_QAQIVVmMHJhWvvmgrEg6rSw9xK2PkX6hyP1D3nkILCE3xOIJuvNYJqOVt3yNxz_JpojQPpY5yNCLrbOqyjW4m8VPI-75bAusL6gtf7_74/s275/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="275" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5zyvdO8-gzLwR1rBCwIQpDUy3AUfb9N6WRBQxTV7kfdTlWmPs7oAWaWzwMdclOYX3Of8nfzF48Hp4Zq5mQ_QAQIVVmMHJhWvvmgrEg6rSw9xK2PkX6hyP1D3nkILCE3xOIJuvNYJqOVt3yNxz_JpojQPpY5yNCLrbOqyjW4m8VPI-75bAusL6gtf7_74/w352-h325/1.jpg" width="352" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-52200496121874449702023-07-29T09:06:00.001-07:002023-07-29T09:06:12.975-07:00Silat Buah TechniquesSilat Buah is commonly practiced in a somewhat secluded manner. Within this martial art, hidden techniques are passed down from master to disciple with a solemn vow of secrecy. Throughout the narrow peninsula of Malaysia, one can discover various forms of Silat Buah, with the most popular incorporating fist and finger striking, grappling, locks, throws, various grips, and an impressive style that includes high leaps and flying kicks.<br /><br />Public demonstrations of Silat Buah are rare. The term "Buah," which means "fruit," implies that it holds valuable aspects of Silat, encompassing practical applications and techniques for self-defense. Every movement, whether physical or mental, is governed by a specific belief system and fighting rationale, resulting in a formidable self-defense system.<br /><br />In this specific type of silat, "buah" serves as a method to teach the practical application of combat strategies, enabling practitioners to take down and immobilize opponents by locking their arms. "Buah" represents combat scenarios that involve rehearsing a series of combative behaviors and predetermined responses. These scenarios are derived from "bunga," thus "buah" imparts their practical usage – it can be likened to the fruit of the flower in the garden of silat. <br /><br />To execute a takedown or immobilize an opponent's arm, one must skillfully perform a preconfigured technique in response to an attack, placing the opponent in a vulnerable position, which allows the pesilat to strike and manipulate their limbs, head, or torso into a compromising position, ultimately gaining an advantage. Despite "Buah" appearing less graceful than "bunga," its moves are executed with finesse and appear effortless, without relying on brute force.<br /><i>Silat Buah Techniques<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl0S1NFZwZr43mdzWjh1QuHAAScN01qObN9urcZa926udNACy_jyw7HSse7Z57iT3cNYPy24x3oAYBICp7ulJCkDWJDKzEXS5wfGKmoTz51swKkgIB2jgciXiDBLTIFTG49BwVTeOo0O7qYAYyZQbAW2DtA1hVhLH5gL3HHEBoQ1DBNHzdWMDcJ3I0Z6Y/s480/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="480" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl0S1NFZwZr43mdzWjh1QuHAAScN01qObN9urcZa926udNACy_jyw7HSse7Z57iT3cNYPy24x3oAYBICp7ulJCkDWJDKzEXS5wfGKmoTz51swKkgIB2jgciXiDBLTIFTG49BwVTeOo0O7qYAYyZQbAW2DtA1hVhLH5gL3HHEBoQ1DBNHzdWMDcJ3I0Z6Y/w385-h289/1.jpg" width="385" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-26870251859500899552023-07-23T05:45:00.001-07:002023-07-23T05:45:11.100-07:00Dato' Maharaja Lela Dato' Maharaja Lela, also known as Pandak Lam, held a prominent position in the Perak region and was revered as a valiant warrior and a champion of the Malay people during that era. His primary responsibility was to honor and uphold his pledges and obligations.<br /><br />According to belief, he was descended from Daeng Selili, the son of the Bugis Raja from the Luwuk District in Sulawesi.<br /><br />During the reign of Sultan Mudzaffar Shah III, he came to Perak and was appointed as a mufti, bestowed with the title "Dato' Maharaja Lela Tan Lela," granting him the authority to carry out beheadings without questioning.<br /><br />On the 24th of July 1875, the British coerced Sultan Abdullah into signing a declaration that allowed them to impose taxes. Sultan Abdullah faced the threat of dethronement if he refused to comply. As a consequence of continuing to collect tin taxes in Bidor, the British burned down Raja Ngah Orang Besar Perak's house.<br /><br />Under immense pressure, Sultan Abdullah signed the declaration, ceding power to the British, and the administration of the state was handed over to the Resident.<br /><br />Dato' Maharaja Lela, together with other leaders like Orang Kaya-kaya Seri Agar Diraja (commonly known as Dato Sagor) and Ngah Kandin, strategized and formed an alliance to resist British interference in Perak, culminating in the assassination of the British Resident, James Wheller Woodfird Birch (J.W.W. Birch).<br /><br />This decision was approved during the Durian Sebatang meeting, chaired by Sultan Abdullah and attended by his nobles, on the 21st of July 1875.<br /><br />Consequently, Birch was killed with the cooperation of Dato Maharaja Lela and his associates, including Datuk Sagor, Siputum, Pandak Endut, Laksamana Mohamad Amin, Ngah Ibrahim, Ngah Jabor, and others.<br /><br />After the assassination of J.W.W. Birch in Pasir Salak on the 2nd of November 1875, Pandak Lam became one of the most sought-after individuals for capture.<br /><br />Dato' Maharaja Lela faced a court trial from the 14th to the 22nd of December 1876 in Matang, Perak, and was found guilty of the murder of J.W.W. Birch. As a result, he was sentenced to death by hanging and executed on the 20th of January 1877 in Taiping, Perak.<br /><i>Dato' Maharaja Lela<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglvoXGwciEbwCU02ULF5tKttHMkftLztJkaZ2ENTE726f3q0Z45aNP3GQTbhhEEXFNE4P3y3damdC7x0teKUjW0xkTjT-MZ-iaQDBCWq7wo1rNkQmtsDIoRnBc2L-4KZMJgnBcbj7ghaPBqGiw9B_mg9T32tNU1NtmvyaBvQ3B0iefNsQIgXk3EdWU2Rk/s401/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="311" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglvoXGwciEbwCU02ULF5tKttHMkftLztJkaZ2ENTE726f3q0Z45aNP3GQTbhhEEXFNE4P3y3damdC7x0teKUjW0xkTjT-MZ-iaQDBCWq7wo1rNkQmtsDIoRnBc2L-4KZMJgnBcbj7ghaPBqGiw9B_mg9T32tNU1NtmvyaBvQ3B0iefNsQIgXk3EdWU2Rk/w354-h456/1.jpg" width="354" /></a></div> </i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-35858875803563900452023-07-09T09:23:00.003-07:002023-07-09T09:23:30.980-07:00Silat PulutSilat Pulut is a traditional martial art game that has been handed down through generations in Malay culture. It is frequently performed at formal events, weddings, and traditional rice pulut feasts.<br /><br />The practice of Silat Pulut during official ceremonies aims to foster cooperation, respect, and strengthen the bonds of brotherhood, regardless of specific martial art styles. Each participant follows a unified set of rules now known as Silat Pulut.<br /><br />Silat Pulut combines various body movements derived from the art of self-defense, creating a recreational exercise. It is believed that practicing Silat Pulut can improve blood circulation, enhance the respiratory system, and develop stamina and endurance in practitioners.<br /><br />The performances are accompanied by the rhythmic beats of the gendang silat. Traditional Silat music features instruments such as the main drum (gendang ibu), small drum (gendang anak), gong, and flute (serunai). These musical components play a vital role in uplifting the spirits of the martial artists, enabling them to confidently and enjoyably engage in Silat movements, following the drum beats and flute melodies.<br /><br />Nevertheless, Silat Pulut extends beyond wedding ceremonies; it represents a game of warriors rooted in the knowledge of Malay martial arts. The ultimate goal of the Pulut Silat game is to train martial artists in the art of Silat, thereby enhancing their combat skills.<br /><i>Silat Pulut<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAmsTebaHLb78-4c0pV05prVOtLILjuSK7gkQ-eBVJQf3vaI0clR7W82vLVNYL_q2sCODbp2M6NJG7DmtUqhK0-qRR3CeDinAK4Lcnxk0ttRzVW8AZtmoVBPGnrMdiPenSLV4a0fStIH6H68Rro-jywWF_mA11DiaGLg0fN92vathQGx-_VNob09SOJgM/s1000/Screenshot%202023-07-09%20234424.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="923" data-original-width="1000" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAmsTebaHLb78-4c0pV05prVOtLILjuSK7gkQ-eBVJQf3vaI0clR7W82vLVNYL_q2sCODbp2M6NJG7DmtUqhK0-qRR3CeDinAK4Lcnxk0ttRzVW8AZtmoVBPGnrMdiPenSLV4a0fStIH6H68Rro-jywWF_mA11DiaGLg0fN92vathQGx-_VNob09SOJgM/s320/Screenshot%202023-07-09%20234424.png" width="320" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-76693918330815039742023-07-02T08:32:00.006-07:002023-07-02T08:32:50.155-07:00The Malay sundangThe sundang is a traditional weapon utilized by the people of the Malay Peninsula, Sulu, and Bugis. It features a blade as wide as a sword and is commonly employed in the Malay Peninsula and Southern Philippines. Historically, it was favored by captains and admirals.<br /><br />There are two well-known variations of the sundang: the sundang lipas, a double-edged sword-shaped type, and the larger dagger-shaped sundang, which can have a curved, straight, or straight with a hilt design.<br /><br />The sundang is primarily employed for slashing or hacking rather than stabbing, mainly serving an offensive purpose rather than a defensive one.<br /><br />In Malaysia, the sundang holds significant importance as the only two-edged sword of note. The straight, single-edged sword with a consistently wide blade is referred to as "chenangkas" in the Malay Peninsula and "lamang" in Java. A heavier, two-handed sword is known as "berandal" and is commonly found in Borneo. The two-handed swords of Chinese and Japanese origin are called "jenawi."<br /><br />Some "chenangkas" possess a metal crosspiece perpendicular to the hilt, possibly intended to prevent the hand from sliding when applying wrist pressure during wielding. It is worth noting that some "chenangkas" currently in circulation may be recent reproductions or counterfeits.<br /><br />Of particular interest, and often displaying superior craftsmanship, is the curved sword known to Malays as the "shamsir." This term exclusively refers to the curved saber or scimitar originating from Persia. The Indian counterpart, the "shamsir" or "tulwar," is a cross-hilted sword. The hilt is commonly made of brass, occasionally iron or silver, and incorporates a pommel at the end to ensure a secure grip during cutting motions. The pommel is typically large and hollow, designed to maintain the sword's balance while keeping it lightweight.<br /><i>The Malay sundang<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkKSZjrPIQpa4IgbB-z0ccifbG4w97tn5NOwgB0ul8ZLBa35UxkNLEE-u1owOJJ-E96P7Rcv_IwnqaNJin1ijfVBqOc8vRUCJJjo_Z_3OS4M_EakvEbHUYYExXg8xjBpHf4IN6jweM2Q-DClcx8G8lCVjnSGzmIbVCtD11tkVNU_OtKNbiTvdZYiKSyNw/s500/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="174" data-original-width="500" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkKSZjrPIQpa4IgbB-z0ccifbG4w97tn5NOwgB0ul8ZLBa35UxkNLEE-u1owOJJ-E96P7Rcv_IwnqaNJin1ijfVBqOc8vRUCJJjo_Z_3OS4M_EakvEbHUYYExXg8xjBpHf4IN6jweM2Q-DClcx8G8lCVjnSGzmIbVCtD11tkVNU_OtKNbiTvdZYiKSyNw/w415-h144/2.jpg" width="415" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-82001651945055874632023-06-18T01:26:00.003-07:002023-06-18T01:26:14.678-07:00Peperomia Pellucida<i>Peperomia Pellucida </i>or what the Malay community called “pokok Ketumpangan Air” is easily grown found in the wet area. Some people called it “pokok rangu-rangu”. It is also known as Sirih Cina. <br /><br />It is a small type of plant. The leaves contain antibacterial anti-bacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and antifungal activity. The leaves and stems are eaten raw in salads. The plant provides a mild, mustard-like flavor. <br /><br />The plant can be used as a food substance, as a painkiller, and as an ornamental plant. Many people are not aware that this plant also has medicinal values. <br /><br />It can cure fever, headache, stomachache and weak body.The plant is popularly employed in the treatment of a variety of health conditions such as abscesses, abdominal pain, skin sores, conjunctivitis, measles, and kidney troubles. It’s believed that <i>Peperomia Pellucida</i> is very effective in getting rid of acne.<br /><b>Peperomia Pellucida<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsroLQu8tPVlnAJ2ekamQwOrh69_8T-LfXTTHZ-uQ3uyILlJBVlIg0CV2Ph0pMM0GI5zCcRjqkV9bSXZzDwwaQm9xWBs5kDouNf1eotw3VPwsYug3mVV8qf1GmfNss9DfCxAvfC0UGGVmHkQV2mjUta3E5Tt0HuZ9kKQWDCpz4iNpK6Znez_ZUQGfO/s363/1-LAPTOP-O844GS9F.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="238" data-original-width="363" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsroLQu8tPVlnAJ2ekamQwOrh69_8T-LfXTTHZ-uQ3uyILlJBVlIg0CV2Ph0pMM0GI5zCcRjqkV9bSXZzDwwaQm9xWBs5kDouNf1eotw3VPwsYug3mVV8qf1GmfNss9DfCxAvfC0UGGVmHkQV2mjUta3E5Tt0HuZ9kKQWDCpz4iNpK6Znez_ZUQGfO/w442-h290/1-LAPTOP-O844GS9F.jpg" width="442" /></a></div></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-43367572963696390662023-05-13T17:43:00.004-07:002023-05-13T17:43:35.313-07:00Silat OlahragaSilat is a combative art of Malay fighting arts. Silat has changed from defining the hierarchical perspective of the traditional Malay community to sports and co-curricular in the 1970s. <br /><br />Olahraga means the ability for a silat exponent to perform his silat techniques in combat with striking and defensive actions such as punching, kicking, throwing, catching, parrying and blocking and any skill related to silat techniques. <br /><br />Silat olahraga can be divided into two categories which are:<br />*Silat seni (artistic)<br />*Full contact <br /><br />Silat seni focuses on choreographed movements and pattern of silat. <br /><br />The latter is a weight categorized, full contact, unarmed duel of similar concept to other conventional martial art sports like taekwondo and judo. Here, two silat exponents square off on an eight meter diameter circle area. The match consists of three rounds of two minutes each with one minute interval between rounds. Points are awarded for toppling an opponent, successfully defensives blocks, and defensive punches and kicks to the chest, abdomen and flanks, leg sweeps and throws. <br /><br />Only strikes with either the arms or legs are considered legal. Unlike other competitive martial arts, the launch of any attack and defence movements must be initiated with specific coordinated silat “step patterns”’ otherwise the points subsequently score will be not valid. The exponent scoring the highest number of points or knocks his opponent out, wins. <br /><br />In silat olahraga there are several types of strikes athletes can use during competition. The assessment of winning or losing is determined by the standard of attack, the defense, the falls and clinching that takes place in the competition. <br /><br />The fighters are judged on the prestige of their techniques and the beauty of silat that is portrayed. There are several skills that contribute to success in silat performance where every aspect of these skills will contribute to success of the fighter.<br /><b>Silat Olahraga<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkXFY40bjxrtMPjDG7_c0nm5VR7KMqtMg1NXAoCcGw_v5cVa4MzEIy2yBrx--WUTi8vcXrrGSfusO4wd9ZqOUuZl60T3sdsyBTOQ3h-vhA8IzYDZfnPIB7mD_-Haa9Y_2rEWkEDKoeFsg5D8LI11IcxHI0dmNxR2m2w9VVdWKKpGlDHzPiINaItGkh/s250/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="173" data-original-width="250" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkXFY40bjxrtMPjDG7_c0nm5VR7KMqtMg1NXAoCcGw_v5cVa4MzEIy2yBrx--WUTi8vcXrrGSfusO4wd9ZqOUuZl60T3sdsyBTOQ3h-vhA8IzYDZfnPIB7mD_-Haa9Y_2rEWkEDKoeFsg5D8LI11IcxHI0dmNxR2m2w9VVdWKKpGlDHzPiINaItGkh/w425-h294/1.jpg" width="425" /></a></div></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-67514449857111930702023-04-09T09:40:00.004-07:002023-04-09T09:40:51.028-07:00Kris in JavaThe kris, common to ethnic groups in both the Indonesian archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, was recognized by UNESCO in 2005 as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. <br /><br />In its crudest form, the blade made its first documented appearance in a 9th-century relief at the Borobudur Temple in Magelang, Central Java. In Indonesia the kris is commonly associated with Javanese culture, although other ethnicities are familiar with the weapon as part of their culture, such as the Balinese,Malays, Sundanese, Madurese,-Bugis, Makassar and Filipino. <br /><br />Kris are used for display, as talismans with magical powers, weapons, a sanctified heirloom (pusaka), auxiliary equipment for court soldiers, an accessory for ceremonial dress, an indicator of social status, a symbol of heroism, etc <br /><br />For Javanese the Kris is most usually worn in such a manner as not to be instantly at hand. It is proper to wear it trust through the sash in an oblique way, lower end of the sheath on the left side, grip on the right side. If carried aring downward the intention is peaceful. Reversing the aring so that it points upward requires the normal sheath to be worn frontal side against the back; this is not usual, but such a wearing permits an instant draw and fast use of the blade. <br /><br />The kris has also served as a tool of execution for criminals. The condemned man was made to kneel. His executioner stood behind him holding the kris above the condemned’s left shoulder. At a given signal the executioner plunged the blade in an oblique path, downward through the shoulder flesh near the collarbone and into the victim’s heart. <br /><br />The most beautiful blades were forged on the island of Java in the 19th century, when bladesmiths crafting royal krisses created the inlaid patterns known as pamor (meaning aura) using nickel iron ores from a large meteorite that had fallen near the Prambanan Temple complex near Borobudur. <br /><br />Javanese blade types do not stop with the kris. An almost unaccountable variety of blade designs can be found on this island. Some generalizations are possible and may sometimes be extended to then weapons of other areas of Indonesia. The terms pedang, kelewang, parang, pisau, golok, and arit all identify bladed weapons commonly seen on Java.<br /><b>Kris in Java<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUGQnPD2uUVn9dtZFnSduW8NObqF3WUiDtnnDsoF-_J-lBYhrxlP8qyeySa6rBToXeR6UAPodc_0HmrQR7ebm3LFHArlY3lVUWMQV6R7ZXiugma0Z9fzD9joRg8LDdry6AOasXSa4lWU3CJNYBjECNZwoc9L8FxbSbtAqgyr4M_wtbByWIZBGnZhXb/s462/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="462" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUGQnPD2uUVn9dtZFnSduW8NObqF3WUiDtnnDsoF-_J-lBYhrxlP8qyeySa6rBToXeR6UAPodc_0HmrQR7ebm3LFHArlY3lVUWMQV6R7ZXiugma0Z9fzD9joRg8LDdry6AOasXSa4lWU3CJNYBjECNZwoc9L8FxbSbtAqgyr4M_wtbByWIZBGnZhXb/w433-h386/1.jpg" width="433" /></a></div></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-62729863216642074042023-03-13T03:31:00.009-07:002023-03-13T03:31:59.321-07:00The four elementsThe successful, practices of Malay medicine must be based on the fundamental principle of preserving the balance of power among four elements. This is chiefly to be effected by constant attention to, and moderation in, diet. <br /><br />The Malay culture believed that there were only four elements, ‘spirits,’ that shape nature: Earth, Water, Fire, and Air. The four elements are paired up with the four qualities of cold, hot, moist, and dry. <br /><br />To enforce these golden precepts, passages from Quran are plentifully quoted against excess in eating or drinking. Air, they say, is the cause of heat and moisture, and earth of cold and dryness. They assimilate the constitutions and passions of man to the twelve sings of the zodiac, and the seven planets. <br /><br />Dry chills and dizzy spells arise when the “earth” element is too strong and from ailments such as cholera and dysentery, which are caused by excessive heat and moisture from the “air”. <br /><br />Fire is the power of the Spirit. Since fire is too hot to touch and because fire can make living things disappear, the ancients considered a property of the gods. There is no fire in the creation story, until God creates light. <br /><br />Water is the primary creative agent, probably because of its association with childbirth. Water was necessary to sustain life. It is through water that life comes and with water that life flourishes. <br /><br />Earth is nearly as important as water to the creative process is earth. On the third day, God created earth from water.<br /><b>The four elements<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSkjoL0_4_v4HCvlYk6Nya8SpasHyJsFzBkTRoLOSx_1RqFfMMAH-i6xYCGvicRvfcvswms5lV6xYl8A9x152ndijSfM2mZnYZ9xO49OjbQoIoQvoNyUvIQfYt9Dxb5LygtMOR0J_v8qMlJzrSoWt2-yHbVh_5tLXUBUXjIDT1sxvJCxFVAFezAUmT/s1200/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="1200" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSkjoL0_4_v4HCvlYk6Nya8SpasHyJsFzBkTRoLOSx_1RqFfMMAH-i6xYCGvicRvfcvswms5lV6xYl8A9x152ndijSfM2mZnYZ9xO49OjbQoIoQvoNyUvIQfYt9Dxb5LygtMOR0J_v8qMlJzrSoWt2-yHbVh_5tLXUBUXjIDT1sxvJCxFVAFezAUmT/w483-h216/1.jpg" width="483" /></a></div></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-81436806571406868812023-01-24T19:47:00.005-08:002023-01-24T19:47:47.662-08:00Kacip FatimahKacip Fatimah (<i>Labisia pumila Benth</i>) is part of a genus of approximately 7 species and is found in Southeast Asia in the lowlands and hill forests of Malaysia at an altitude of 300 to 700 m. Kacip Fatimah is a popular herb among local women; it is frequently consumed by women of reproductive age. <br /><br />It is a herbaceous shrub with creeping rhizomes. Their leaves are more or less upright and dark green with lighter shade of green at its margin. The petioles are relatively short and slightly flattened. The whole leaf can be more than 30 cm long and 13 cm wide. The clustered white to pink flowers are 6 to 30 cm long with sepals, petals, and stamens. <br /><br />Kacip Fatimah has been used for centuries and is still commonly consumed by Malay women in Malaysia. In folk medicine L. pumila was thought to be useful for a number of applications, including labor induction and treating venereal disease and flatulence. <br /><br />According to traditional practice, the whole part of the Kacip Fatimah herb will be boiled with other herbs for the wellbeing of women. It is traditionally used to maintain a healthy female reproductive system, to help tighten and lubricate, and to enhance sexual function. <br /><br />Kacip Fatimah is rich in phytoestrogen and isoflavones, that may ease menopausal symptoms. . Other bioactive phytochemical contents are flavonoid (rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin), phenols (gallic acid, pyrogallol, caffeic acid), saponin, iron, benzoquinoid derivatives, alkenylresorcinols, triperpenoid and other antioxidative compounds consisting of β-carotene, vitamin C and anthocyanin. The plant also has been researched for use in making cosmeceutical products.<br /><b>Kacip Fatimah<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHnwPCew7QQ4RoxnJoEJkxfdkrIsLsfxU013fPfhkXqw8nLaslCqt8GgzrsVrOsl57J5AbnzeF4tCSoSrqwoECqVwAJHZQRYmYxS2Hz1s-OUQzjrLdx50Amjx6U_zRdHcm51Riuv1robomH1Nx6K-X_qqjG0GhXVqjwsltos3uG6KeQUWHDuSBvuDi/s277/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="277" data-original-width="244" height="461" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHnwPCew7QQ4RoxnJoEJkxfdkrIsLsfxU013fPfhkXqw8nLaslCqt8GgzrsVrOsl57J5AbnzeF4tCSoSrqwoECqVwAJHZQRYmYxS2Hz1s-OUQzjrLdx50Amjx6U_zRdHcm51Riuv1robomH1Nx6K-X_qqjG0GhXVqjwsltos3uG6KeQUWHDuSBvuDi/w406-h461/1.jpg" width="406" /></a></div></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-73407130705309563142022-12-17T04:37:00.009-08:002022-12-17T04:37:55.354-08:00Silat CimandeSilat Cimande was developed before twentieth century in the Sukabumi region of Jawa Indonesia. The creator of the style of Pencak Silat Cimande, Pak Kahir, was known as pendekar respected around 1760, when he first presented his ”jurus mem’po Cimande” to his students. Cimande is one of the most widely spread styles of Pencak Silat and is considered to be one of the oldest, and one of the styles created by the ethnic Sundanese. <br /><br />Cimande has five aspects: sports, arts / culture, martial arts, spirituality and medicine. In pencak, Cimande is mainly an arm hand system but also can use leg and foot tactics with considerable force and effect; however, kicks are restricted to low target areas and are most often straight frontal attacks. <br /><br />Cimande is the name of a village, a river and a style of Pencak Silat in West Java. Cimande has simple jurus and applications. Cimande training begins with the practice of Jurus Duduk or seated Jurus training with a partner. Once the practitioner develops forearm strength from seated Jurus training they are combined with footwork. <br /><br />The Cimande fighter positions himself with elbows held in close to his body, open hand or closed fists, and makes circular actions with his hands as he advances. His posture is usually a deep crouch made from widely spaced feet, knees bent, body held upright. <br /><br />Cimande form requires a proximity to the enemy generally not seen in other silat forms. The blow from the Cimande fighter’s arm is devastating. He has developed enough power in it to smash coconuts, concentrating the force of the blow not into the little finger edge of the hand but into the wrist. <br /><br />Cimande gives great emphasis to weapons study. The staff, the forked iron truncheon, the short knife, the long-bladed knife, and the heavy cleaver knife are all studied seriously. Cimande has a reputation throughout Indonesia for healing bones. They use a special oil called "balur" for the purpose of healing the bones. Balur is often used after training to heal injuries incurred to the bones of the forearms. <br /><br />Pak Kahir died in 1825. His fighting art continued to be appreciated by the people of West Java. Cimande is practiced around the world in one form or another. As Pak Kahir did not leave any written record of techniques, there are many diverse groups of Cimande relying heavily on oral tradition to establish history and method.<br /><b>Silat Cimande<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo2-_474lqfxsoVUVQxlWudTz7HFgaX4DvAQh5qzHTTUSPEKsK_ioiCdnGI8EW5PyvJW5ZgSgfOv68bunGbsil0HmMPblq1R5BJIqWg_5oMpBNC0RjJaF9KuEXskBLW6vc-l8m3UkrvMUPV4jfPyJmT1RrpkFmIKs3pB3v7jdPU4ukYplYW3s_lKtI/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo2-_474lqfxsoVUVQxlWudTz7HFgaX4DvAQh5qzHTTUSPEKsK_ioiCdnGI8EW5PyvJW5ZgSgfOv68bunGbsil0HmMPblq1R5BJIqWg_5oMpBNC0RjJaF9KuEXskBLW6vc-l8m3UkrvMUPV4jfPyJmT1RrpkFmIKs3pB3v7jdPU4ukYplYW3s_lKtI/w480-h320/1.jpg" width="480" /></a></div></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-60563901591247226782022-11-13T21:04:00.001-08:002022-11-13T21:04:22.895-08:00History of Senoi PraaqIn 1956, General Gerald Templer approved the formation of Senoi Praaq under the Department of Aborigines (DOA). The unit was the brainchild of R.O.D. Noone, a Colonel in Military Intelligence and is largely comprised of non-Malay tribal peoples known collectively as the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia. <br /><br />It was made at the instructions of the British authorities based on the need to have an Orang Asli group to operate in the deep jungle to win the hearts of the Orang Asli who were believed to have been influenced by communist propaganda at the time. <br /><br />The unit began as a creature of British Military Intelligence and fought in the deep jungle as Special Air Service (SAS) protégés, eventually replacing the latter upon Malaysian independence from Great Britain. <br /><br />The British Special Air Services (SAS) trained the original group of 40 and awarded them with the coveted red beret, which, up until then, was exclusive to the SAS. <br /><br />Dubbed ‘tough nuts’ by the British officers who worked alongside them, the legendary unit’s ferocity, strength, and superior knowledge of the jungles were instrumental in Malaya’s hard-fought victory over the communists. By 1958, the Senoi Praaq already had the highest kills on records among any security forces in Malaya. <br /><br />In 1960, following Malaya’s independence, they were assigned to Southern Thailand to persuade more than 3,000 Orang Asli living there to hunt down communist leader Soo Ah Chye, an MCP leader fluent in Temiar <br /><br />They served as mercenaries employed by the United States Central Intelligence Agency to assist in their overseas operations most notably as part of the Montagnard Scouts in Vietnam, as well as a secret operation in Laos. The nickname "Silent Killers" was given to the Senoi Praaq by CIA. <br /><br />Senoi Praaq means “War people” or “those who fight” in the Semai language. It currently refers to 2nd battalions of the General Operations Force (GOF) under the Royal Malaysian Police, the 3rd and the 18th Battalion based in Bidor, Perak and Pengkalan Hulu,Perak, respectively. <br /><br />Today, the Senoi Praaq is tasked mostly with hunting poachers and border patrol duties, but are still called on when their special skills are required.<br /><b>History of Senoi Praaq<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlJHHf6o8kek8LRiiM3bzfIONQvfXCTuoRXYyKY9HDlNiCfOy6mLGZOGxmLk93LIT8FYB9BG98rPC_7gU8x6UjEl19oRVTNj4slMeE72bcgXkzV_ek7EhfxKexrapPhcJy2UJ8yTv99PDfom83biSHNKKKIX3KF_UlddEVEHkJeXvUpYq7Cj97n-77/s544/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="538" data-original-width="544" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlJHHf6o8kek8LRiiM3bzfIONQvfXCTuoRXYyKY9HDlNiCfOy6mLGZOGxmLk93LIT8FYB9BG98rPC_7gU8x6UjEl19oRVTNj4slMeE72bcgXkzV_ek7EhfxKexrapPhcJy2UJ8yTv99PDfom83biSHNKKKIX3KF_UlddEVEHkJeXvUpYq7Cj97n-77/w448-h442/1.jpg" width="448" /></a></div></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-72766850901359962362022-10-30T18:26:00.008-07:002022-10-30T18:27:41.137-07:00Chola dynasty of IndiaThe Tamil Chola dynasty first emerged in southern India in 300 BC. They were based in the Cauvery valley, in the cities of Tanjore (Thanjavur) and Uraiyur <br /><br />Vijayalaya was the founder of the Chola Empire. He defeated the Pallavas and took over the Tanjore kingdom within the 8th century and led to the establishment of the mighty Chola kingdom. Granted natural access to the Indian Ocean, the Cholas gradually carved out a strong maritime and mercantile empire, leveraging their position as a midpoint between China and Rome. <br /><br />The Chola dynasty rose to prominence in 850 CE under the leadership of Vijayalaya Chola, and reigned for about four hundred years. King Rajaraja (reigned 985–1014 CE) took the empire to its height. He conquered the Maldive Islands and parts of Sri Lanka during the 10th century CE. <br /><br />Both Raja Raja Chola and his son Rajendra Chola had established maritime contacts with the Sri Vijaya kingdom. At the time, the Srivijaya Empire was the dominant power in the Malay Archipelago, its lands consisting of Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and parts of Java. <br /><br />In 1025, Rajendra Chola launched naval raids on ports of Srivijaya and against the Burmese kingdom of Pegu. A Chola inscription states that he captured or plundered 14 places, which have been identified with Palembang, Tambralinga and Kedah among others. They also captured its king, Sri Mara Vijoyatunga Varman of Kadaram. The Bujang Valley was originally called Kadaram (Kedah) and formed part of the larger territory of the then Sri Vijaya kingdom. <br /><br />Rajendra was one of the few Indian monarchs to conquer territory outside the Indian subcontinent. Under his reign, the Chola Dynasty was expanded to its greatest extent, dominating trade throughout the Indian Ocean. He was the only Indian emperor to conquer lands beyond seas. <br /><br />The year 1279 CE marked the end of the Chola Dynasty. The last Chola king, Rajendra Chola III, was defeated by Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I. And with this, the Pandyas established their rule in present day Tamil Nadu.<br /><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Chola dynasty of India<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtSIf8ZfcPUV_jUzY0DnovxXkvuv9gs2Q3zPpSMLLgd_vohlyjqpv46c6R0fCXVqg0nPAWxi7aWEILniKPuBMkPx1q7Hv01uMT_OxSpYRuZt7gYbzW8wjDvLeEjWcG49hNQRsmHRxhzOyex8tlHiGHzvcX6fXAGyycEKZ7tbrK7jq9qakHYsB9BvAa/s650/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="650" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtSIf8ZfcPUV_jUzY0DnovxXkvuv9gs2Q3zPpSMLLgd_vohlyjqpv46c6R0fCXVqg0nPAWxi7aWEILniKPuBMkPx1q7Hv01uMT_OxSpYRuZt7gYbzW8wjDvLeEjWcG49hNQRsmHRxhzOyex8tlHiGHzvcX6fXAGyycEKZ7tbrK7jq9qakHYsB9BvAa/w495-h280/1.jpg" width="495" /></a></div></span></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-28700247567568562282022-09-25T20:58:00.004-07:002022-09-25T20:58:48.988-07:00Khmer Empire (AD 802 to 1431)In 802 Jayavarman II from Java, where he had been in captivity or exile, forces a number of small Khmer kingdoms to unite, founding the Khmer Empire and building a capital; he then declares himself Chakravartin (‘ruler of the world’); Hinduism becomes the official religion of the empire. <br /><br />The Khmer Empire flourished from the 9th to the 13th century and at its peak was the most powerful empire in Southeast Asia. The Khmer empire ruled much of what is now Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. <br /><br />They exported exotic forest products and imported Chinese and Indian handicrafts. From the beginning of the 9th century, Chinese and Indian traders travelled throughout the region bringing their religions with them. As the Khmer people adopted these beliefs, they began building beautiful temples to honour their gods. <br /><br />The complex known as Angkor Wat was built during the 12th century. It is the largest religious structure in the premodern world. It was originally a Hindu temple dedicated to the god Vishnu that by the 12th century would later become a Buddhist sanctuary. <br /><br />Like many great empires in history, internal fractures and external forces began to wear away at the stability of the realm. By the time Zhou Daguan visited Angkor in 1296, the Empire was already in decline. After the neighboring Tai peoples captured Angkor in the 15th century, the Khmer empire crumbled. The region subsequently underwent four centuries of foreign invasions, civil war, and widespread depopulation.<br /><b>Khmer Empire (AD 802 to 1431)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ZhfykKoFLYZmQDOuwceeM_YYhSih62Its3pRTNJ-QaW7Wf4RFf8VXBf8TXF0VRlskSEyYWTU4DnGlqpNSmiQDORzLyNP2gBznedo-28qyxvfZV_yC27tv4WAn-U9R_yTVwG55HnzQfuj9CK3gSjOiawoLnG7_rZAlnDVA2U0NDVmPP3w_lpN-Hr4/s800/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="800" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ZhfykKoFLYZmQDOuwceeM_YYhSih62Its3pRTNJ-QaW7Wf4RFf8VXBf8TXF0VRlskSEyYWTU4DnGlqpNSmiQDORzLyNP2gBznedo-28qyxvfZV_yC27tv4WAn-U9R_yTVwG55HnzQfuj9CK3gSjOiawoLnG7_rZAlnDVA2U0NDVmPP3w_lpN-Hr4/w488-h326/1.jpg" width="488" /></a></div></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6878087779614626035.post-75737460698654907532022-08-28T20:43:00.002-07:002022-08-28T20:43:20.777-07:00Pamor of kerisAll Malay weapons if made of metal are divided into three classes, <i>berpamor</i> if damascened or laminated, <i>meleda </i>if plain steel, and <i>besi bari </i>if rough steel. <br /><br />The term pamor is used to denote the Malay form of damascene markings. The word is Malay-originally meaning mixture or alloy. This exactly describes the manufacturing method of the keris blade: the forging together of various metals using a technique called “pattern welding”. The pattern welding work demonstrates the skills of the Empu but also characterizes the power of the blade. <br /><br />Now it is often used to describe the nickelous metal in the kris-marking process and just as often used to denote the variegated patterns produced by the pamor metal. <br /><br />The core of a keris is the only layer of steel. On each side of this is a layer of besi pamor made of iron bars welded together, then beaten into a sort of Greek key pattern. Welding, carving, cleaning and other processes can cause layers to be lost and the pamor is revealed. <br /><br />A separate heating and hammering is needed for each wave In some keris especially those made in Patani, the waves are made by filing and grinding, but usually only in keris<i> melela </i>or <i>besi bari</i> as the beauty of the pamor is spoilt if it does not follow the waves. <br /><br />Early in kris history 1600 A.D it was found that if one of the metals contained nickel, the pamor show bed sharply more contrast. Possibly at that time and certainly later nearly all nickelous iron came from the Celebes (Sulawesi) and was termed pamor luwu. <br /><br />Such iron was often called ‘white iron’ because being more etch-resistant it left silvery threads on an acid-darkened blade. Probably late in the eighteenth century the first kris blades were made containing nickelous iron from the meteor that had fallen near Prambanan in 1749. <br /><br />It was reported that the nickel content of pamor luwu as 0.4 per cent and pamor Prambanan as being 4.7 per cent. However, present day samples of the latter iron each essay a 9.4 percentage of nickel. <br /><br />Pamor can be classified according to the forging technique:<br />*Pamor mlumah, for luck and tranquility, the lamination is parallel to the flat surface of the blade, it is the most common type<br />*Pamor miring, for glory, the lamination is aligned to an angle to the flat surface of the blade, this type is much more elaborate<br /><b>Pamor of keris<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_VVGIPBHJZdcvsPoCrNCmr6O0jLBiT6yG7cNM-y0qE0SbVxR75t7d9G20CKiOrLqE6Dq-9owC1ECP0iWO-N0Y_PF2x-h2JW0LwTRG0liHg4nqqr-lxERN9-Cswrt41q9cKrFuefcQKBxnxUEjNRZPvaK5BB7mODThidX0DiJgMkgMJ_LH-WXEllvf/s878/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="850" data-original-width="878" height="369" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_VVGIPBHJZdcvsPoCrNCmr6O0jLBiT6yG7cNM-y0qE0SbVxR75t7d9G20CKiOrLqE6Dq-9owC1ECP0iWO-N0Y_PF2x-h2JW0LwTRG0liHg4nqqr-lxERN9-Cswrt41q9cKrFuefcQKBxnxUEjNRZPvaK5BB7mODThidX0DiJgMkgMJ_LH-WXEllvf/w381-h369/1.jpg" width="381" /></a></div></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.com